A heavy sandstorm in Iraq closed some state schools and offices and halted flights at Baghdad International Airport on Monday.
Authorities in Baghdad, including the Education Ministry, declared a day off for local government institutions, with the exception of health services.
Hundreds of people across the capital and southern cities went to hospitals with breathing difficulties, medical officials said.
Baghdad International Airport said in a statement it was closing its airspace and halting all flights until further notice because of low visibility.
At least one sandstorm a week has hit Iraq in the past few weeks in what Iraqis say is the worst such spate in living memory.
In Baghdad and southern Iraqi cities, a red haze of dust and sand reduced visibility to just a few hundred feet.
"We've had 75 cases of people with respiratory problems," said Ihsan Mawlood, an accident and emergency doctor in a Baghdad hospital.
"We're treating patients with oxygen machines if necessary."
Iraq is the fifth most vulnerable country in the world to the climate crisis, according to the United Nations.
Drought and extreme temperatures are drying up farmland and making large parts of Iraq barely habitable during the summer months.